Honey Bee Hierarchy- different between Queen and Worker bees

Honey Bee Hierarchy-
                      how can we distinguish between the Queen and the Worker bees?

Honey bees have very complicated sex life! They live in hives contain tens of thousands of bees, usually offspring of the same mother, known as the queen. Among these offsprings, some are haploid male, meaning they are produced with only the half of the genetic material from mother with no involvement of a male bee or drown. Others are female worker bees who are diploid meaning they have to be fertilized with a drown to obtain two copies of the genetic material.

Both of the queen and the worker bees are diploid female and require fertilization from a drown. What makes them different is the food they are fed as larvae. For the first few days of their lives, they are both fed with royal jelly, a liquid produced by worker bee. The all larva are fed with pollen and honey after the first few days and develop into worker bees with the exception the queen-to-be, they are continuously fed with royal jelly which allow them to grow large in size and enable them to produce up to 2000 eggs/day.

"I" Know What You Had For Lunch!

Did you know that-------------

               Baby frogs can detect what their 

                                           predator ate for lunch?

Species of gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) is a medium-sized frog that lives throughout much of eastern North America and through the central United States to the Gulf Coast of Texas. They inhabit in the forests but move to the water when they breed. The tadpoles are hatched in the water. Each one of these little tadpoles has the special ability to sense predators in the water through chemical cues.

On top of that, these tadpoles detect what predators habitually feeds, either tadpole or other organisms such as snails. Isn't that amazing?! When they figure out what their predator eat, they will adjust their own behaviour accordingly. When a predator habitually feeds on tadpoles, the treefrog tadpoles spend more time hiding and undergo changes in shape. There tails grow bigger for quicker and more effective escape. Meanwhile their body get smaller because most of the energy invested to the tail. On the other hand, if the predator is feeding on snails, the treefrog tadpoles spend less time hiding and will have larger bodies (meaning bigger mouth and longer intestine to store food!).

Plants Sweats!

Did you know that-----

       Mangrove plants along costal region have special salt gland enable them sweat?

Mangroves are shrubs that grow in saline costal sediment in the tropic and subtropics (Jamaica, Cambodia, Brazil, and The Philippines). Their seeds are unlike most plants who germinate in soil. Mangroves seeds have the ability to float on water and disperse to the most favourable habitat. A ready to go seedling grows out from the seed that enables them to travel, once it is ready to root, the seedling flit vertical and lodge in the mud and root. 

What's amazing it that, mangrove lives in the ocean and they are capable of purifying the salt water they absorbed from the root into something they could "drink"(utilize). They have two elaborate salt glands at their leaf base, once water is transported to the leaves through osmosis, the salt glands actively transport salts out of the cell and maintain the salt balance in the cell. 

Drug Effects

Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in many organisms. It is presented in autonomic nervous system (ANS) and in the motor division of the somatic nervous system. It is believed to be involved in memory, mood and learning.

There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, 1)nicotinic and 2)muscarinic.
1.Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting in depolarization of the neuron.
2.Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction.
 

Seretoin
A monoamine neurotransmitter presented in pineal gland, blood platelets, the digestive tract, and certral nervous system of human (CNS). It is used to alter mood of a person or treat depression.  Also refered to as Happiness Hormone.

Endorphins (endogenous morrphine)
A neurotransmitter produced by pituitary gland and hypothalamus in vertebrates during exercise, excitement, pain, love, etc.
It act as a pain killer. Immediately after injury, endorphins allow animals to feel a sense of power and control over themselves that allows them to persist with activity for an extended time.

Norepinephrine
A nerotransmitter affect part of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. The brain also increases its stimulation on norepinephrine when stress is signaled.

Photosynthesis

Non-cyclic Electron Flow (yield ATP & NADPH)

 

-Light is radiated to plants' leaves and reaches chloroplast where most of the photosynthetic reactions take place. The photons strike PSII (photosystem two) consisting antenna complex and a reaction centre.

-Antenna absorbs photons and transfer the energy from one to another, until it reach to reaction centre-chlorophyll a.

-The energy is used to excite an electron at chlorophyll P680. The electron is captured by electron acceptor, pheophytin.  Through redox reactions, the electron is transferred to plastoquinone (PQ).

- When the electron is missing at PS 680,  Z protein would splits 2H₂O à O₂ + 4H⁺+ 4e^-, the electrons produced will be use to replace the missing one; the oxygen get released as a byproduct; and the hydrogen ions are kept inside in the thylakoid lumen. The process of splitting water is called, photolysis.   

-The electron carrier PQ transfer the electron to b₆-f cytochrome complex while this is happening, hydrogen ions from the chloroplast stroma are being pumped into the thylakoid lumen.

-The electron gets carried away by plastocyanin (Pc) to PSI (photosystem one) replacing the missing electron excited by the last photon energy.

-The electron in PSI excited by photon energy and transferred to FNR (ferredoxin NADP reductase) by ferredoxin the electron carrier.

-The transferred 2e^- +H⁺ floating in the stroma to convert NADP⁺ into NADPH for use of Calvin Cycle.

-The hydrogen ions accumulated through the reaction increases the electrochemical gradient. To balance the pH level between the thylakoid lumen and stroma, H⁺ is pumped out though a complex called, ATP synthase.  By doing so, ADP can be converted into ATP by adding Pi in the process of photophosphorylation.

Cyclic Electron Flow (yield only ATP)                  

-Happens when not enough light or water is presented in the plant cell.

-Photon energy excites the electron at PSI, the electron is transferred through ferredoxin to b6-f cytochrome and back to PSI.

-H+ is being pumped into the lumen adding gradient for chemiosmosis which will produce ATP same as non-cyclic electron flow.    

pH level affecting the rate of enzyme activity Lab

Procedure:

1. Dilute solutions of HCl and NaOH in different test tubes according to the table below, add 5 mL of H₂O_{2 to each test tube, swirl to mix}
2. _{Set up a water displacing station: fill a water trough and graduated cylinder with water (to the top), invert the graduated cylinder into the water trough carefully (do not let air in).  Place a beaker underneath the water trough to collect displaced water.}
3. Insert a rubber tube into the graduated cylinder that is connected to a rubber stopper (will be used to cover Erlenmeyer flask)
4. _{In an Erlenmeyer flask, add 5 pieces of filter paper (soaked in liver juice) to the bottom of the flask}
5. _{Add the first dilution into the flask, shake and cover the flask immediately, use a timer to record time needed for the reaction.}
6. _{Stop timer and record results when oxygen stops displacing water and when water stops overflowing from the water trough}
7. _{Repeat steps 2-6 for other dilutions} 

Title: pH level affecting the rate of enzyme activity Lab 

HCL	0ml	3ml	1ml
Water	0ml	2ml	4ml
time	39’	1:07’	1:45’
Amount water displaced	0 ml	0ml	5ml

NaOH		1ml	2ml	3ml	1ml *2nd trail
Water		4ml	3ml	2ml	4ml
time		2:10’	3:00’	2:40’	2:21’
Amount of displaced	gas	153ml	15ml	5ml	167ml
	water	115ml	11ml	2ml	220ml

Theromodymamic Laws

I. the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed vut only converted from one form into another. If an object or process gains an amount of energy, it does so at the expense of a loss in energy somewhere elesin the universe


II. the entropy of the universe increases with any change that occurs.  DS_universe  > 0

III. absolute zero is removal of all thermal molecular motion

In any chemical reactions, the output of energy will exceed the input of energy. Just like investing money into an account, a portion of money is used to make more money as in chemcial reactions the energy is put into something that will yield more energy in the end as a result. 
For example, cellular respiration shown in the diagram. The first part of the reaction is an anatabolic process which energy is used as activaion. Free energy is put into to break glucose and later combined with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP for body function.  The second part of the reaction is a catabolic process. Through the process, the reaction yields greater free energy than the free energy used for synthesis them. More energy means more entorpy. While the reaction is in progress the energy is released and result in the total free engergy less than 0.  Thus, DG< 0.

 
ex. glucose+ oxygen = carbon dioxide + water