Francois Jacob

Francois Jacob (1920- )

Background Info---

- Borned in Nancy, France on June 17, 1920.

-Abandoned Medical School due to the out break of WWII and moved to work in London.

-He then enlisted in Franch army as an army doctor and wounded in Normandy battle.

-He was honored with the highest Croix de la Libération.

-Due to his wounded hand he was precluded being a surgon, thus, he became a research biologist.

Year Became Famous---

In 1965, he was granted with The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with two other scientists.

Publication Made Him Famous---

- E. coli bacterium represses production of enzymes involved in lactose metabolism when lactose is not available.

-controling of enzyme levels in all cells happens through feedback on transcription.

Contribution to World Genetics---

 Jacob and Monod made key experimental and theoretical discoveries that demonstrated that in the case of the lactose system outlined above (in the bacterium E. coli), there are specific proteins that are devoted to repressing the transcription of the DNA to its product (RNA, which in turn is decoded into protein).

Works Cited

2010. Francois Jacob.  September 18, 2010  http://www.nndb.com/people/157/000129767/

François Jacob-Bioraphy. Nobelprize.org. September 18, 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1965/jacob-bio.html

Crick Francis

Francis Harry Compton Crick (1916- 2004)
Background Info---
-Graduated in 1937, studied physics at University College, London.
-While obtainign his Ph.D. the outbreak war interrupted him.  Thus, he workded as a scientist for the British Admiralty. (Associated with magnetic and acoustic)
-In 1947, he left Admiralty to study biology
 -He was graduated with a Ph.D  in 1954 on a thesis entitled "X-ray diffraction: polypeptides and proteins"

Year Became Famous---

1962, he won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with critical influence of J.D. Waston.

Publication Made Him Famous---
From 1951 to 1953 Watson (as a 23 year old young man) along with Crick leading to the proposal of the double-helical structure for DNA and the replication schemein.

Contribution to World Genetic---
 The double helical structure of DNA solved the question existed and put together the knowledge they found at the time.

Works Cited
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicinne 1962 Francis Crick, james Watson, Maurice Wilkins. September 18, 2010 http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/crick-bio.html
James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin. September 18, 2010
http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/chemistry-in-history/themes/biomolecules/dna/watson-crick-wilkins-franklin.aspx

Arthur Kornberg

Arthur Kornberg (1918- 2007)------------

Background Info----                                                                          -Graduated from College of New York in 1937                                   -Obtained M.D. degree from University of Rochester in 1941             -Served as a commissioned officer in the U.S. Public Health Service, first assigned to the Navy as a ship's doctor, then research scientist at the National Institutes of Health from 1942 to 1953.                             -In 1946, he was training in enzymology at New York University and in 1947, he was at Washi9ngton University School of Medicine.        

Year Became Famous------

In 1959, he recieved Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine

Publication Made Him Famous-----

- The basic mechanisms of DNA replication through isolating and purifying the enzymes that run the machinery of the cell.

-Elucidating key steps in the pathways of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide synthesis, including the discovery of PRPP as an intermediate, he found the enzyme that assembles the building blocks into DNA, named DNA polymerase. This ubiquitous class of enzymes make genetically precise DNA and are essential in the replication, repair and rearrangements of DNA. Many other enzymes of DNA metabolism were discovered responsible for the start and elongation of DNA chains and chromosomes

-Identify the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of DNA, polymerase I.

Contribution to World Genetic
- He had comprehended a key component of molecular genetics
- Kornberg's approach - isolating enzymes in the chemist's lab and analyzing them within their biological context - was a crucial component in understanding the molecular biology of the cell.
-Kornberg's successful synthesis of the biologically active PhiX174 virus in 1967. For the first time, a biochemist produced an active virus in the lab.
-Enzymes he discoverd were the basis of discovery of recombinant DNA which helped ignite the biotechnology revolution.

Works Cited
Jochen Kumin. Aruther Kornberg (1918-2007).  September 17, 2010.
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Arthur_Kornberg.php

 

Lawrence K Altman. October 28, 2007. September 17, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/science/28kornberg.html

Corn Lady--- Barbara McClintock

Barbara McClintock(1902-1992)
Background Info
-Born in Hartford, Connecticut, US, June 16, 1902.  Died at age of 90 in 1992.
-Barbara's father is a doctor and mother is a piano teacher.
-Went to Cornell University in 1918 due to the effect of her family under such a time period.
-As a student she identified all ten maize.
-Recieved her doctor degree in 1927 in Cornell. While teaching at Cornell she helped in laboratory experiments-determining (genetic) information is transferred between chromosomes in the crossing-over stage of cell division.
-She was unable to obtain a position in Cornell University due to the role as a woman.
-She joined Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory and started her significan contribution there.

Year Became Fame
1983- When she won an unshared Nobel Prize of Physiology or Medicine.

Publication that Made Her Fame
In 1948 published the "Jumping Gene" in corn, the process of transposition in corn chromosomes.
Transposition: the ability of genes to change position on second site in the DNA. Genetic transposition was the first type of genetic instability to be discovered. 

Contibution to World Genetics
This contribution significantly increased the knowledge of genetic function and organization.

Interesting Facts
-She loved playing sports, vollyball, swimming and swimming but most of all tennis.
- black walnut is her favourite flavor


Works Cited
Barbara McClintock. Sept 15, 2010
http://www.nobel-winners.com/Medicine/barbara_mcClintock.html
Cold Spring Harbour Laborat. oryBarbara McClintock's World. Sept 15, 2010 http://www.weedtowonder.org/mcclintock/gallery/gallery15.html

Rosalind Elsie Franklin

Rosalind Elsie Frankin (1910-1958)--------            
Background Info---
-Rosalind was born in England on July 25, 1910. She died at the same place on April 16, 1958.

-Graduated from Cambridge University in 1941as a Ph.D.. Later worked in a labatory in Paris, France, studying x-ray diffraction.

-1951, She began to focus on DNA research at Medical Research Council

Year Became Famous---

Four years after her death, in 1962 after Watson and Crick won their nobel prize. 

Publication that Made Her Famous---

-Publication in 1953 of her own work, however, the structure of DNA had not been discoverd or completed yet.

-The photograph Watson and Crick use as a resource now known to be photograph 51

-Her real fame came when Francis Crick admitted in Nature magazine while their work had been published that Rosalind "is only 2 steps away from the solution" and the discoery contain a portion of  her contribution.

Contribution to the World of Genetic--- 

Her discovery of the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by using the technique of x-ray diffraction solved the puzzle and colaborated the knowlegde of DNA at the time.


Works Cited
Encyclopedia of World Biography on Rosalind Elsie Franklin. September 15, 2010
http://www.bookrags.com/biography/rosalind-elsie-franklin/
Ardell, David. October 25, 2006. Rosalind Franklin(1920-1958). Septmeber 15, 2010
http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Rosalind_Franklin.php
Michon, Scott. June 20, 2010. Rosalind Franklin. Septmeber 15, 2010 www.strangescience.net/rfranklin.htm

Bio Blog Entry

AH... DUNT FEEL LIKE DOING IT HERE
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NO! I GOTTA GO TO SLEEP >.<